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DARWIN - like you've never seen

"Nel 1835, Charles Darwin embarks on the Galapagos Islands to discover the truth. But the truth can not be achieved without a fight ... "

" Darwin "Darwin's life * in the Hollywood blockbuster version: a film full of action, violence and bad jokes, the show" Spoof "of Dana Carvey & Spike Feresten:

* by the way, Darwin was just 27 when he returned home on the Beagle, but it seems that the image of Darwin is now senior entered the pop culture.

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Australian Rock Art: dated in 40,000 years?

archaeologists announced in the discovery last days (two years ago) of what could be the oldest examples of rock art of Australia. The design in red ocher, located in the interior of Arnhem Land, apparently shows two large flightless birds.

Fig.1. Benn Gunn picture, taken from 2010 MASTERS.

According to a design was inspired by the kind Genyornis, which includes giant birds that according to the fossil record (including egg shells) became extinct between 43,000 and 40,000 years ago.

Archaeologist Benn Gunn quotes a paleontologist, who was still anonymous at the time, that the character design are related giant bird, and who has realized the design was to have a living model. In the area are already known examples show that the prehistoric fauna of Australia, including animals determined as the thylacine, but also of questionable attribution as the marsupial lion, the giant echidna or the giant kangaroo.
The drawings can not be dated directly, since it does not consist of organic matter, so does the interpretation Animal shown is correct, there are two possible interpretations: the drawings date back at least 40,000 years ago, before the extinction of Genyornis , or drawings are more recent, is the kind unlike previously thought was extinct in less time recent.

This interpretation, however, is to consider very carefully the identification of animal paintings is very speculative, and if ever representations should be a real flora, fauna is not a religious or fantastic characters, the birds in question may have been inspired also by flightless birds, and smaller still Life In Australia, such as the common Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae ).
It is also interesting to note that animals show a pattern of stripes. This may represent either natural design of birds, or, as seems to be a common feature in the drawings of aborigines, perhaps a religious symbol, denying the various reconstructions facts about these special marsupials extinct marsupial lion like for example.

Bibliography:

MASTERS, E. : Cave painting megafauna Could Be 40.000 years old. ABC News. Online 31. May 2010. Accessed 31/05/2010

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Darwin and the theory of punctuated equilibrium

Charles Darwin in his most famous work, surprisingly, almost no mention of the fossil that he picked up in South America , apart from brief references in 'Introduction.

"WHEN on board HMS 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with Certain facts in the distribution of the Inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past Inhabitants of That continent. These Seemed to me facts to throw Some light on the origin of species-that mystery of mysteries, as it Has Been Called by one of Our greatest philosophers. "

Fig.1. Il fossile che Darwin attribuisce a un piccolo mammifero roditore, dalla formazione di Monte Hermoso nell´Argentina (Pliocene inferiore), da DARWIN 1840, Fossil Mammalia Pl. XXXII.

Al contrario un intero capitolo di " Origin of Species " è dedicato alle lacune del record geologico è l'apparente mancanza di fossili di transizione. Questa discrepanza era nota già a Lamarck, che aveva postulato (e formulato una teoria) che le specie non sono fisse, è i limiti discreti tra di loro sono il risultato di una preservazione incompleta di forme di transizioni durante l'atto di fossilizzazione. Questa idea verra adoperata anche da Darwin (" Chapter IX, on the imperfection of the geological record ").
A meta del 19. secolo era chiaro che specie si potevano estinguere, ma rimase il problema di come queste estinzioni avvengono e come dopo una di queste fasi il pianeta veniva ripopolato. Anche Darwin durante il suo viaggio sul Beagle, ancora prima della formulazione della sua teoria di trasmutazione, si chiedeva se delle specie possono morire e in che modo vengono rinate (escludendo una creazione divina), un'idea che era stata anche ipotizzata dal geologo italiano Giovanni Battista Brocchi nel 1814 (dimostrando ancora una volta il profondo cambio di pensiero in quei decenni).
Osservando fossili simili all'odierna Mara ( Dolichotis patagonum ), A South American rodent that resembles a small deer, Darwin thought that species were replaced in time by similar forms together (Owen will determine the fossils belonging to a relative of today 's tuco-tuco tucutucu or small rodent of the genus Ctenomys ). However, these forms remains

concrete entities in space and time, for example at Warri, the fox endemic and extinct Darwin could still look on the Falkland Islands, wrote in 1834 "... indisputable proof of the ITS individuality as a species ..." . Darwin start working on his theory after his return home, and in a first attempt to try to reconcile his view of the species as concrete entities with a possible jump through transmutation of species specific, ie, a species could give "birth" to a new species within a short time.

Continued ...

Fig.2. The three possible relationships of fossil forms of a certain horizon and recently elaborated by Darwin between 1832 and 1835. In case A, the giant sloth / armadillo giant extinct and are replaced by the recent species. The species does not have a direct connection between them. In molluscs (case C), Darwin observed a continuum of species that persist through geological time. The case is B an intermediate version of the first two, the fossil remains of the peculiar South American rodents are relatively modern with rodent species, which occur over geological time (ELDREGE 2008).

Bibliography:

DARWIN, CR (1859): On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray. [1st edition]
Darwin, CR ed. (1840): Fossil Mammalia Part 1 No. 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. By Richard Owen. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
Eldredge, N. (2009): A Question of Individuality : Charles Darwin, George Gaylord Simpson and Transitional Fossils. Evo. Edu. Outreach 2(1): 150-155
ELDREDGE, N. (2008): Experimenting with Transmutation: Darwin, the Beagle, and Evolution. Evo. Edu. Outreach 2(1): 35-54
QUATTROCCHIO, M.E.; DESCHAMPS, C.M.; ZAVALA, C.A.; GRILL, S.C. & BORROMEI, A.M. (2009): G eology of the area of Bahia Blanca, Darwin´s view and the present knowledge: a storay of 10 million years. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 64(1): 137-146

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Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875) The Monster of

"The greatest merit of the Principles was that it altered the whole tone of one's Mind, and That Therefore, When seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it through His eyes. "

C. Darwin

Fig.1. " Principles of Geology, 1st edition, 1st vol. Jan. 1830

The profound changes during the mid-19. century in paleontology and the advent of evolutionary theory can not be understood unless considering changes in geology promoted by a naturalist who is considered one of the fathers of geology: Charles Lyell.

Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875) he enrolled at the University of Oxford at the age of 19 years. First study mathematics, classical arts and law (he graduated in law), but after he attended a lecture William Buckland was born his interest in geology. After beginning as a lawyer, in 1827 his interest in the natural sciences and geology led him to travel far and wide across the continent.

In the period 1830 to 1833 published the results of his studies in the incumbent " Principles of Geology," in which he applied and developed his version of the theory of "news", conceived in principle by James Hutton, and opposed to catastrophism in that period, especially developed by the naturalist Georges Cuvier . not catastrophic and rapid changes sculpted the land, but the slow processes of erosion and deposition, also seen in modern times (hence the name "Current"), even if they need thousands if not millions of years. Nell'Uniformitarismo Lyell the forces of nature are the same as in the past, present, and future . Lyell thus rebelled against the established geological theories of his time. In the third edition of his "Principles " deals with palaeontology and stratigraphy, it is also the natural history of man. Lyell say that the age the earth and with it the human race was much older than previously thought.

It was a copy of Lyell's book, given to Darwin by Captain Fitzroy, Charles to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe depths of time (and new interest in geology, that after the first course conducted at the University considered a boring science) that the earth is the life had gone through a period of time for the slow evolution of organisms as many years later postulerò Darwin.

become friends Lyell and Darwin, and after the presentation of Darwin's theory of transmutation, Lyell, after the initial skepticism (Which, however, lasted for more than 25 years) will be one of the most important supporters.