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Kadanuumuu - the great war of chimpanzees

From Ethiopia comes the news of the discovery of bones of giant - a giant for the era in which he lived.
Archaeologists have published the research conducted on the remains of a male specimen of Australopithecus afarensis with a height of 1.52 m, 40cm higher than the famous Lucy, too 'it belongs to the same species. The fossil was named appropriately Kadanuumuu, which in the Afar language means "great man".

The finding was unearthed in 2005 in the region of AF (ETOP), is dated at 3.58 million years. This age is between Ardipithecus (4.4 Ma), considered one of the oldest hominids known so far, but whose evolutionary relationship to the genus Australopithecus is unclear, and Lucy, younger than 400,000 years. The fossil
Kadanuumuu thanks to the preservation of many bones postcraniali so far missing in the reconstruction of Australopithechi reconfirmed biomechanical and anatomical studies conducted previously on other fossils of Australopithecus. The genre could walk upright on two feet in an effective and very similar to modern man already 3.6 million years ago. The new fossil also shows an evolution of the proportions of the chest and lower limbs in A. africanus .
Limb lengthening is an adaptation to walk fast and powerful, it is confirmed that these adjustments, along with others for walking biped characters are very old.

Bibliography:

Selassie, YH, Latimer, BM; ALENE, M.; Dein, AL; GILBERT, L.; MELILLA, SM, Saylor, BZ, SCOTT, GR & LOVEJOY, CO (2010): An early Australopithecus afarensis from postcranium Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia. PNAS Online June 21 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1004527107

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gather for the hunt, and then attack the most vulnerable, chimpanzees tend to show excessive violence against other groups, until the killing of unrelated individuals. One possible reason? Competition for food and conquest of new territories.

Even Jane Goodall described the scene, mostly male chimpanzees gather to explore the boundaries of their territory, systematically encroach on the territory of other groups and attacking and killing people they encounter, until complete annihilation of the other group , conduct a ferocity rare in the animal kingdom. According to research published in the journal Current Biology behind this behavior is a very precise order, conquer new lands and resources.

For their research primatologists have observed chimpanzees in the Kibale National Park in Uganda. The group of chimpanzees Ngog consists of 150 individuals, a group extraordinarily large.
The researchers were able to document 18 campaigns of "war" against groups of chimpanzees who live nearby. In each of these attacks has killed at least one animal group opponent.
About two killings in the course of a year can seriously affect a small group of chimpanzees, whose average number is around 20 individuals.

attacks always occur in a similar way, up to thirty individuals Ngog, the vast majority are by males, but females are also seen, pounced in foreign territory, in search of weaker individuals, especially females with their young children or individuals. In one case it was observed that the group of attackers tried for more than half an 'hour to rip a baby from his mother, mortally wounding him.
now it was completely unclear why the chimps show this attitude, it took something like envy or struggle for resources, but the current research has shown that the winning team actually took possession of the territory freed, both unrelated individuals were all killed, or who choose to retire permanently. The large group of Ngog with this tactic of intimidation has succeeded in expanding its territory in past years to 22 percent.

Bibliography:

Mitani, JC, WATTS, DP & Amsler, SJ (2010): Lethal intergroup aggression leads to territorial expansion in wild chimpanzees. Current Biology, Vol 20 (12): R507-R508 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.021

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Identify tracks of mammalian teeth on bones from the Cretaceous period (including dinosaur)

Fig.1. tracks identified as probable signs of a mammal that has gnawed bone by Muzzin 2010.

In a press release of the provisional Yale University was announced the news in the journal Paleontology "paleontologists have published the discovery of impressions of teeth on various bones of mammals, including dinosaur. S and confirmed, these are the oldest examples of this type of ichnotraccia identified so far.

Nicholas Longrich, Yale University, is Michael J. Ryan, of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, have discovered several bones in the collection of 'University of' Alberta and Royal Tyrrell Museum, and others during an excavation in province of Alberta.
All the fossils come from sediments of the Cretaceous, the signs were found on a femur Champsosaurus (aquatic reptile) on a dinosaur's rib (Hadrosauria / Ceratopsia indet.) Alleged ornithischio femur and a jaw of a marsupial.

L 'attribution of the signs of mammals multitubercolati is supposed to be based on two parallel grooves between them, similar to the shape of two parallel incisors, a characteristic known only from mammals in that period. Many bones show multiple signs in a row on the circumference of the 'bone.
paleontologists claim that the bones were gnawed not for stripping , ma per il loro contenuto di minerali e per soddisfare il bisogno alimentare supplementare dell' animale in questione.

Risorsa:

MUZZIN, S.T. (2010): Dinosaur-chewing mammals leave behind oldest known tooth marks. Online 16.06.2010, consultato 17.06.2010

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footsteps dell'Ichnologia Italian

L´Ichnologia é considerata una branca delle scienze della terra relativamente giovane, anche se, come i fossili "comuni", impronte fossili erano notate già nell'antichità, é hanno trovato spesso espressione nei miti e nelle leggende dei popoli.

Ma solo nel 19° fingerprints are subject dell'ichnologia century - the science of fingerprints of life of animals and plants - with the first research conducted by the Reverend Buckland, with the description of Chirotherium - the animal out of the hands - in Europe and Triassic sediments with the recognition that strange sedimentary structures, regarded as the remains of plants, representing the footprints of the movement of invertebrate animals.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments of the Italian peninsula played an important role in advancing this discipline. The marl Fucoid are named because of the abundance of this icnogenere, whose icnospecie Fucoides (= Chondrites ) Targioni was described in 1823 by French geologist Adolphe Brongniart on the basis of Italian material.

Fig.1. Fucoides , Bottaccione Gorge, Gubbio.

The term is often found in publications or leaders of the Italian geology - is, in fact, a structure is very common in sedimentary formations of the Apennines, although in those days it was thought that it was a vegetable the rest, and not footprint of excavation by an animal organism. The great English geologists
Murchinson both Lyell and visited Italy for study the outcrops of these rocks and their icnofossili.

In 1855 the naturalist named Abraham Massolongo formally icnogenere Z oophycos , described a little earlier by Antonio Villa (1844), and in 1850 Giuseppe Meneghini describes Paleodictyon to Stay with Paolo Savi In the same year describes Nemertilites (= scolex), all icnogeneri popular is of great importance for the paleo environmental reconstruction of the geological formation.

Fig.2. Zoophycos the Capo Rossello, Sicily.

But already in the 16th century, almost 300 years ago, some naturalists have studied the Italian Renaissance is icnofossili speculated about their origins. Among these the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci, who based on recent observations of animals discover amazing things for his time on the fossils. It is known that Leonardo
rejects the myth that the shells (his " nichi," as described) in sediments as evidence of Noah's flood, and acknowledges that in the process of formation of these "features" in the sediments has take a long time: a first idea of \u200b\u200bthe process of fossilization.
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"Like all sea mud still consider them of" niche "and is petrified Nicchio together with mud."

Less well known is that Leonardo was also interested in tracks imprinted in the forms of bio-erosion and sediment dens "carved out" to peers as a worm in the wood, the shells. Based on recent observations of shells and marine life in Littoriali, Leonardo recognizes that individuals are layers of sediments deposited in ancient seabed:

"As in the groundwater, below are still one and the other developments over the Lombrici , who were walking below when they were not yet dry. "

Sui buchi di gusci fossili scrive:

"Ancora resta il vestigio del suo andamento sopra la scorza che lui già, a uso di tarlo sopra il legname, andò consumando."

e ancora

"Vedesi in nelle montagne di Parma e Piacentia le moltitudini di nichi e coralli intarlati".

Leonardo uso un approccio molto moderno: l' attualismo - paragono i vecchi segni con tracce di moderni animali, é giustamente riconosce la loro "parentela".
Ma Leonardo comunque, come é noto, non sostenne mai i suoi risultati pubblicamente, e il suo sapere andò perso per le prossime generazioni.

Erano comunque tempi pericolosi, il naturalista Ulisse Aldridge, who lived shortly after Leonardo, for the last years of his life in house arrest, accused of heresy.
In his most important work, the " Musaeum Metallicum " (1648) describes and represents hundreds of fossils, minerals and trace fossils, like a mythological monsters and oddities - although prone to personal observation, as indeed combines Aldrovandi most of the naturalists of that time, the scientific approach of Galileo to the theoretical and philosophical approach of the classical Greek thinkers dell''era.

The knowledge that fossils are the remains and animal prints will be accepted universally only half of the 18th century, although the idea remains who are the witnesses of the great flood ...

Fig.3. Not only invertebrates - fingerprint tridactyl Gargano.

Bibliography:

BAUCON, A. (2008): Italy, the Cradle of Ichnology: The Legacy of Leonardo and Aldridge. Studies. Trent. Sci, Nat., Acta Geol 83: 15-29

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The Swiss say no to creationism, Harun Yahya

While the land of khaki encourages creationism , at the expense of real science, in Zurich (Switzerland) a demonstration of Islamic creationist Harun Yahya was boycotted simbolicamente da 70 persone riunite in un FlashMob, che dopo l´inizio dell´arringa insensata del relatore Oktar Babuna hanno lasciato la sala - la risposta del delegato creazionista (Yahya non era presente) "This is very anti-democratic ??" - una contestazione sbalorditiva: per il semplice fatto che delle persone hanno mostrato buon senso é un´opposizione passiva a della propaganda ?

Ma si sa, l´ultima cosa che ai creazionisti serve é il "buon senso"...